Wednesday, October 14, 2009

PRELIM

History of Computer


  • Abacus- Ultimate ancestor of today's computer
  • Charles Babbage- he is the "Father of Computing,invented the Analytical and Difference Engine

Difference Engine
-Quick tabular calculations, the workings of which were based on the Method of Differences, An algorithm that lent itself to the easy creation of a wide range of mathematical tables
Analytical Engine
-Utilized I/O called Jacquard's punched cards, originally used to lay down thread arrangements in weaving.


Generation of Computers

  • First Generation
-Used binary codes of "machine language"
-ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), a hulk machinery which i9s consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes , 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints and can occupied a space equal to a small warehouse.
-EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), a pioneer in implementing von Neumann's architecture, the key to which was the Central Processing Unit(CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source.

  • Second Generation
-Development of "transistor"
-Used a more specialized language with easier abbreviated programming codes called
"assembly language".

  • Third Generation
-"Integration", a process in which numerous electronic components are brought together to compose a system unit that combines them in a dynamic, coordinated manner.
-The first integrated circuit(IC)was invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.

  • Fourth Generation
-Characterized by the application that allow for very large scale-integration (VLSI) and Ultra large scale (ULSI)
  • Fifth Gneration
-Understand human speech
-Artificial intelligence
-Expert System
-natural language processing


  • Computer- a device that accept input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instruction
  • Process- Computers manipulate data in the various ways,
  • Data- sysmbol that represent facts, objects, and ideas
  • Program- series of instruction that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks
  • Software- programs that sets-up computer to do specific task
  • CPU- "brain of the computer"
  • Computer System Unit- the case that hold the main circut board
  • Keyboard- the primary input devce
  • Hard Disk Device- Storage Device that sored billion data
  • Floopy Disk Device- Store of a Floopy Disk
  • Mouse- Holds the cursor of the screen of your computer
  • CD-writer- can be used to create and copy CD's
  • Modem- can be used to establish an internet connection
  • Printer- an output device that produce computer-integrated text or graphic images on paper
  • Data- the symbols represent people
  • Bit-composed of 1 or 0
  • Byte- composed of 8 bits
  • File- named of a collection
  • ASCII-(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
  • EBCDIC-(Electronic Binary coded Decimal Interchange Code)
  • UNICODE-(Universal Code)
  • Motherboard- known as "main board"
  • Intel- world's largest chipmaker
  • Memory
  • -RAM(Random Access Memory)
  • -REM(Read Only Memory)
  • Virtual Memory- an imaginary memory

Classification of Computer
  • Microcomputer-a small desktop system
  • Minicomputer- small enough to fit in a desktop
  • Mainframe- avery large and expensive computer
  • Desktop PC's- medium sized computer
  • Supercomputer-Faster type of computer

MIDTERM

PROGRAM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
  1. Defining problem
  2. Designing a Solution
  3. Writing the Program
  4. Compiling and Debugging
  5. Documenting the program
algorithm-breaking a problem into discrete step
Flowcharting-a graphical representation of the sequence of operations a computer

Pseudocode-is a version of the instructions describing each step the computer must follow
Compiler- is a special program for each programming language that is loaded into the computer when the language is used
  1. Spelling errors
  2. Syntax errors
  3. improperly sequenced
  4. improperly labeled
Debugging- logical errors have to be detected
Subroutine- Easier to understand and more maintainable
Top Down vs Bottom Up
  • Top Down- structured design done by first recognizing major components of the solution
  • Bottom Up- Starts by the small functions
Logic Pattern
  • Simple Sequence
  • Selection
  • Loop
  • Branch
Additional Design
  • Do-while
  • Case
Paradigm-an idealized pattern of usageunder which some agent can operate
Major Programming Paradigm
  • Imperative
  • Logical
  • Functional
  • Object-Oriented
Other Programming Paradigm
  • Tree
  • Expert System
  • Stream
  • Neural Network
Language-is definined as system for communicating
Machine Language-lowest lvl programming language
  • op code- which tells the computer form of 1 or 0
  • Operand-tells the computer what data to use when performing the function
  • Low level Language- also called assembly lanuage
  • high level language-Enables a programmer to write program that are less independent

  • BASIC-developed by john kemeny and Thomas Kurts
  • FORTRAN-Formula Translator,oldest high-lvl programming language
  • COBOL- Common Business-Oriented lanuguage, by Dr.Gray Murray Hopper,most frequently language
  • PASCAL-developed by Blaise Pascal
  • C Lanuguage- high-lvl language developed by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell laboratories
  • C++-developed by Bjarne Strotoupe
  • Java- popular programming language,developed by Oak by Sun Microsystem
Interpriter- Translate and execute the program by line

DOS-Disk Operating System

Different OS
  1. Single user Operating System
  2. Multi user Operating System
  3. Network Operating System
  4. Multitasking Operating System
  5. Desktop Operating System