PRELIM

History of Computer

• Abacus- Ultimate ancestor of today's computer
• Charles Babbage- he is the "Father of Computing,invented the Analytical and Difference Engine

Difference Engine
-Quick tabular calculations, the workings of which were based on the Method of Differences, An algorithm that lent itself to the easy creation of a wide range of mathematical tables
Analytical Engine
-Utilized I/O called Jacquard's punched cards, originally used to lay down thread arrangements in weaving.


Generation of Computers

• First Generation

-Used binary codes of "machine language"
-ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), a hulk machinery which i9s consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes , 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints and can occupied a space equal to a small warehouse.
-EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), a pioneer in implementing von Neumann's architecture, the key to which was the Central Processing Unit(CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source.

• Second Generation

-Development of "transistor"
-Used a more specialized language with easier abbreviated programming codes called"assembly language".

• Third Generation

-"Integration", a process in which numerous electronic components are brought together to compose a system unit that combines them in a dynamic, coordinated manner.
-The first integrated circuit(IC)was invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.

• Fourth Generation

-Characterized by the application that allow for very large scale-integration (VLSI) and Ultra large scale (ULSI)

• Fifth Gneration

-Understand human speech
-Artificial intelligence
-Expert System
-natural language processing

• Computer- a device that accept input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instruction
• Process- Computers manipulate data in the various ways,
• Data- sysmbol that represent facts, objects, and ideas
• Program- series of instruction that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks
• Software- programs that sets-up computer to do specific task
• CPU- "brain of the computer"
• Computer System Unit- the case that hold the main circut board
• Keyboard- the primary input devce
• Hard Disk Device- Storage Device that sored billion data
• Floopy Disk Device- Store of a Floopy Disk
• Mouse- Holds the cursor of the screen of your computer
• CD-writer- can be used to create and copy CD's
• Modem- can be used to establish an internet connection
• Printer- an output device that produce computer-integrated text or graphic images on paper
• Data- the symbols represent people
• Bit-composed of 1 or 0
• Byte- composed of 8 bits
• File- named of a collection
• ASCII-(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
• EBCDIC-(Electronic Binary coded Decimal Interchange Code)
• UNICODE-(Universal Code)
• Motherboard- known as "main board"
• Intel- world's largest chipmaker
• Memory
• -RAM(Random Access Memory)
• -REM(Read Only Memory)
• Virtual Memory- an imaginary memory

Classification of Computer

• Microcomputer-a small desktop system
• Minicomputer- small enough to fit in a desktop
• Mainframe- avery large and expensive computer
• Desktop PC's- medium sized computer
• Supercomputer-Faster type of computer

MIDTERM

PROGRAM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Defining problem
2. Designing a Solution
3. Writing the Program
4. Compiling and Debugging
5. Documenting the program

algorithm-breaking a problem into discrete step
Flowcharting-a graphical representation of the sequence of operations a computer

Pseudocode-is a version of the instructions describing each step the computer must follow
Compiler- is a special program for each programming language that is loaded into the computer when the language is used

1. Spelling errors
2. Syntax errors
3. improperly sequenced
4. improperly labeled

Debugging- logical errors have to be detected
Subroutine- Easier to understand and more maintainable
Top Down vs Bottom Up

• Top Down- structured design done by first recognizing major components of the solution
• Bottom Up- Starts by the small functions

Logic Pattern

• Simple Sequence
• Selection
• Loop
• Branch

Additional Design

• Do-while
• Case

Paradigm-an idealized pattern of usageunder which some agent can operate
Major Programming Paradigm

• Imperative
• Logical
• Functional
• Object-Oriented

Other Programming Paradigm

• Tree
• Expert System
• Stream
• Neural Network

Language-is definined as system for communicating
Machine Language-lowest lvl programming language

• op code- which tells the computer form of 1 or 0
• Operand-tells the computer what data to use when performing the function

• Low level Language- also called assembly lanuage
• high level language-Enables a programmer to write program that are less independent

• BASIC-developed by john kemeny and Thomas Kurts
• FORTRAN-Formula Translator,oldest high-lvl programming language
• COBOL- Common Business-Oriented lanuguage, by Dr.Gray Murray Hopper,most frequently language
• PASCAL-developed by Blaise Pascal
• C Lanuguage- high-lvl language developed by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell laboratories
• C++-developed by Bjarne Strotoupe
• Java- popular programming language,developed by Oak by Sun Microsystem

Interpriter- Translate and execute the program by line

DOS-Disk Operating System

Different OS

1. Single user Operating System
2. Multi user Operating System
3. Network Operating System
4. Multitasking Operating System
5. Desktop Operating System